Tugas Kutipan langsung,tidak langsung,pada catatan kaki,atas ucapan lisan,dalam kutipan,langsung pada materi

Nama : Adam Nur Mahendra 10214170

Kelas  : IEA13

Tugas : Bahasa Indonesia

KUTIPAN LANGSUNG DAN TIDAK LANGSUNG

Kutipan langsung adalah pernyataan yang kita tulis dalam susunan kalimat aslinya tanpa mengalami perubahan sedikit pun.

Kutipan langsung:

“Kemajuan teknologi memang sangat penting untuk kehidupan manusia jaman sekarang. Karena teknologi adalah salah satu penunjang kemajuan manusia.” 

Kutipan tidak lansung pernyataan yang hanya mengambil intisari pendapat yang kita kutip.Kutipan tidak langsung ditulis menyatu dengan teks yang kita buat dan tidak usah diapit tanda petik.

Kutipan tidak lansung:

Perkembangan teknologi berkembang secara drastis dan terus berevolusi hingga sekarang. Hingga menciptakan obyek-obyek, teknik yang dapat membantu manusia dalam pengerjaan sesuatu lebih efisien dan cepat.

Catatan kaki atau yang juga dikenal dengan istilah footnote adalah daftar keterangan khusus yang ditulis di bagian bawah setiap lembaran atau akhir bab karangan ilmiah. Secara lengkap, Catatan kaki  adalah keterangan tambahan yang terletak di bagian bawah halaman dan dipisahkan dari teks karya ilmiah oleh sebuah garis sepanjang dua puluh ketukan (dua puluh karakter).

Contoh Catatan Kaki:

2Sayidiman Suryohadiprojo, “Tantangan Mengatasi Berbagai Kesenjangan”, Republika, No. 342/II, 21 Desember 1994, h. 6.

3”PWI Berlakukan Aturan Baru” [Berita], Republika,No. 346/II, 28 Desember 1994, h. 16.

4Bachrawi Sanusi, “Ketimpangan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi,” Panji Masyarakat, No. 808, 1‐10 Nopember 1994, h. 30.

Kutipan atas ucapan lisan

Kutipan harus dilegalisir dulu oleh pembicara atau sekretarisnya (bila pembicara seorang pejabat). Dapat dimasukkan ke dalam teks sebagai kutipan langsung atau kutipan tidak langsung.

Contoh Kutipan Atas Ucapan Lisan

Dalam menjawab nota Keuangan & RAPBD Daerah Khusus Ibukota tahun 1973. tanggal 2 Pebruari 1973, Gubemur Ali Sadikin mengatakan a.l. :

“… Tetapi apabila kita jujur berkenan melihat persoalan itu………….pendapat yang dikutip itu dari segala sudut. Kutipan-kutipan itu akan turut meletakkan dasar-dasar bagi kesimpulan yang akan diturunkannya,baik dalam bab tersebut,
maupun yang akan direkapitulasinya dalam kesimpulan terakhir dari tulisan itu.

Kutipan dalam kutipan

Kadang-kadang terjadi bahwa dalam kutipan terdapat lagi kutipan.

Contoh Kutipan Dalam Kutipan

1.    bila kutipan asli tidak memakai tanda kutip, kutipan dalam kutipan dapat mempergunakan tanda kutip tunggal atau tanda kutip ganda.
Misalnya:

Pencemaran nama baik melalui internet ini cukup dengan menggunakan pasal KUHP.

Kutipan dalam kutipannya : “Pencemaran nama baik melalui internet ini cukup dengan menggunakan pasal KUHP”.

2.    bila kutipan asli memakai tanda kutip tunggal, kutipan dalam kutipan memakai tanda kutip ganda. Sebaliknya bila kutipan asli memakai tanda kutip ganda, kutipan dalam kutipan memakai tanda kutip tunggal.
Misalnya:

Di dalam artikel majalah terdapat kalimat seperti ini
Sering kali,kita hanya ‘dinilai’ dari penampilan luarnya saja.
Kutipan dalam kutipannya : Sering kali,kita hanya “dinilai” dari penampilan luarnya saja.

Kutipan langsung dalam materi

Kutipan langsung dimulai dengan materi kutipan hinggga
perhentian terdekat, (dapat berupa koma, titik koma, atau titik)
disusul dengan sisipan penjelas siapa yang berbicara.

Contoh Kutipan Dalam Kutipan

“Uang dan ketenaran memudahkan saya mengakses godaan”,kata Tiger Woods,”Saya memohon maaf sebesar-besarnya atas tindakan saya yang tidak bertanggung jawab dan hanya memikirkan diri sendiri”.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (Kalimat Langsung dan Kalimat Tak Langsung)

Nama : Adam Nur Mahendra

Kelas  : 1EA13

Npm   : 10214170

ATA 2013/2014
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
(Kalimat Langsung dan Kalimat Tak Langsung)

Indirect Speech is a phrase that comes from direct sentences that told back in another form.

Direct and Indirect Speech, who is also familiar with another term, namely Report Speech.

 Direct Speech sentence is spoken directly by the speaker and
that the sentence would be written quotes.

Conditional be Conditional

Consider the following examples of sentences:
Ø   “I never eat durian.” She explained.
Ø  She explained (that) she never eat durian
Ø  “I am waiting for him now,” she said.
Ø  She said (that) she was waiting for him then.

Contoh :

-Erfin said that he was so happy

-They said that they had watched football game.

If Verbs in the main clause and the shape is PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT

or the existence of a common statement in the main clause, then no

time changes in indirect sentence.

Example:

-She asks me, “Are you sleepy?” She asks me wether I am sleepy

-He has told us, “I am hungry.” He told us that he is hungry

-She told me,“the sun rises in the east”.

  She told me that the sun rises in the east

But if Verbs in sentence form apart from the PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT and then change the time on indirect sentence.

example:

-Simple Present menjadi Simple Past

a. He told me, “I go to work everyday.”

b. He told me that he went to work everyday.

-Present Continuous menjadi Past Continuous

a. She told me, “I am playing music now”.

b. She told me that she was playing music then.

-Present Perfect menjadi Past Perfect

a. They told me. “We have bought a car”.

b. They told me that they had bought a car.

-Simple Past menjadi Past Perfect

a. He told me, “I went to Bandung yesterday”.

b. He told me that he had gone to Bandung yesterday.

Simple Future menjadi Future Past

a. He told me, “I will go to university next year”.

b. He told me that he would go to university the following year.

-Future Past menjadi Future Past Perfect

a. She told me, “I should go there if I were you.”

b. She told me that she would have gone there if she had been me.

Perubahan-perubahan MODAL, PREPOSITION dan Keterangan waktu dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak langsung. :

Shall – Should See – saw Will – would

Is – was May – might Has/have – had

Can –could are – were Here – there

This – that Now – then Ago – before, Dsb

Perhatikan tabel berikut :

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present He said, “I go to Jakarta every month.”	Simple Past He said (that) he went to Jakarta every month.
Simple Past He said,”I went to Jakarta every month.”	Past Perfect He said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.
Present Perfect He said, “I have gone to Jakarta every month.”	Past Perfect He said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.
Present Continuous He said,”I am going to Jakarta every month.”	Past Continuous He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.
Past Continuous He said, “I was going to Jakarta every month.”	Perfect Continuous He said (that) he had been going to Jakarta every month.
Future (will) He said,”I will go to Jakarta every month.”	Would + verb He said (that) he would go to Jakarta every month.
Furure (going to) He said, “I am going to Jakarta every month.”	Past Continuous He said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.

B. Indirect Speech Dengan Perintah

Bentuk indirect atau reported speech perubahan dari kalimat perintah biasanya menggunakan kata said, told, dan ordered dan kemudian diikuti bentuk to infinitive.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said,”Go to school every day.”  He said,”Wash your face!” The police ordered,”Walk on!” The teacher said,”Don’t be lazy!”	He told me to go to school every day. He told me to wash my face. The police ordered me to walk on. The teacher told me not to be lazy.

C. Indirect Speech Dengan Larangan

Bentuk indirect speech perubahan dari kalimat larangan biasanya membuat mustn't tetap mustn't tetapi didahului that + Subject dan diikuti dengan auxiliary dan verb tanpa mengubah tenses (bentuk waktunya).

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”	He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.

B. Indirect Speech Dengan Perintah

Bentuk indirect atau reported speech perubahan dari kalimat perintah biasanya menggunakan kata said, told, dan ordered dan kemudian diikuti bentuk to infinitive.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said,”Go to school every day.”  He said,”Wash your face!” The police ordered,”Walk on!” The teacher said,”Don’t be lazy!”	He told me to go to school every day. He told me to wash my face. The police ordered me to walk on. The teacher told me not to be lazy.

C. Indirect Speech Dengan Larangan

Bentuk indirect speech perubahan dari kalimat larangan biasanya membuat mustn't tetap mustn't tetapi didahului that + Subject dan diikuti dengan auxiliary dan verb tanpa mengubah tenses (bentuk waktunya).

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”	He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.

D. Indirect Speech Dengan Tanya

Bentuk Indirect Speech yang merupakan perubahan dari kalimat tanya dapat dikelompokan menjadi dua:

a. Indirect Speech dengan Yes-No Question : biasanya menggunakan kata "whether".

b. Indirect Speech dengan W-H Question : Biasanya menggunakan kata tanya yang ada dalam kalimat langsungnya.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”	He asked me whether I went to school every day.
He said, “Where do you go to school?”	He asked me where I went to school.
She asked, “When will they come?”	She asked me when they would come.

E. Perubahan Pada Adverbs, Articles, dan Modals

Perubahan dari bentuk langsung menjadi tidak langsung juga mengakibatkan adanya perubahan pada adverbs, articles, dan modals tertentu, sebagai berikut :

can ---> could

will ---> would

here ---> there

now ---> then

next week ---> the following week

shall ---> should

may ---> might

this ---> that

yesterday ---> the day before

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
can He said,”I can go to school every day.”	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said,”I may go to school every day.”	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.

Mixed type (Jenis Gabungan)
Example :
Anton asked me, “What’s happening to you? You looks pale.”
Anton asked me what was hsppening to me as I looked so pale.

Changes Adverb of Time (Time Specification) that need to be considered:

Direct                                    Indirect

Now                                      Then

Today                                    That day

Tonight                                  That night

This week                              That week

Yesterday                              The day before

The day before yesterday      Two day before

Last night                               The night before

Last week                              The Previous week

Last year                                The Previous year

A year ago                             A year before/the previous year

Three year ago                      Three years before

Tomorrow                             The next day/the following day

The day after tomorrow         In two days’s time

Next week                             The following week

Next year                               The following year

On Sunday                             On Sunday

On the sixth                           On the sixth

Here                                      There (sebagai Adverb of Place/

                                              ket.tempat)

This Restaurant                     The restaurant (sebagai Adjective/

                                              kata sifat)

These books                          The books (sebagai Adjective/
                                              kata sifat)
This                                       It (sebagai Pronoun/kata ganti)
These                                    They/them (sebagai Pronoun/
                                              kata ganti)

Example:

The man said, “I eat in this restaurant last night.”
The man said that he had eaten in the restaurant the night before.

Reference:

Read more: http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-perubahan-tenses-dan-contoh.html#ixzz3UkaBj9vJ

Read more: http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-perubahan-tenses-dan-contoh.html#ixzz3UkaUi5Xd

http://renioktaviani95.blogspot.com/2014/04/direct-and-indirect-speech.html